ABSTRACT
Background: Smoking is a risk factor for the development and worsening of respiratory diseases, including COVID-19 infection. Smoking can increase the risk of the severity of COVID-19 by two times because in smokers there is an increase in the expression of the ACE-2 gene by 25% compared to non-smokers. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between smoking status and smoking index on the course of COVID-19 disease treated at Dr. M Djamil General Hospital. Method: An observational analytic study with a retrospective cohort approach on COVID-19 patients who were treated at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital. Data were taken from January to March 2021. The relationship between smoking status and smoking index on the course of COVID-19 was analyzed by Chi-Square. Results: This study found the most age was above 50 years with a vulnerable age of 50-59 years (28.4%) and female gender (56.7%). Non-smoker status (64.2%) and moderate smoking index (51.4%) were the most commonly found in this study. Clinically non-progressive COVID-19 (53.7%) was the most common. This study found that the maximum length of stay for COVID-19 patients was less than 21 days (53.7%) and the outcome of patients recovered (62.2%). This study found a significant relationship between the smoking index on the clinical progress of COVID-19 patients and there was a significant relationship between smoking status and the outcome of COVID-19 patients. This study found that smoking status and the smoking index had no significant relationship with the length of stay of COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Smoking status is related to outcomes in COVID-19 patients and the smoking index is related to a progression in COVID-19 patients treated at Dr. M. Djamil General Hospital.
ABSTRACT
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was identified as the cause of coronavirus disease 20019 (COVID19) pandemic which first emerged in December 2019 in Wuhan city, China. Currently, a vaccine is urgently needed to control the COVID-19 pandemic. Several vaccine candidates are under development and some are in the final stage of clinical trials. The COVID-19 vaccination aims to reduce morbidity and mortality rates, achieve herd immunity to prevent and protect the society, strengthen the health system, maintain productivity and minimize social and economic impacts. Before approval, vaccines have to undergo several clinical trials to ensure its safety profile, efficacy, duration of immune system resistance, and adverse effect. Various strategies have been used in the development of vaccines including viral vector vaccines, nucleic acid vaccines, inactivated virus, live attenuated virus, subunit protein, and virus-like particle vaccine. Each strategy has its own advantages and disadvantages.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: COVID-19 has infected and spread over the whole earth. For the time being, there is no cure for COVID-19. Although several medications have the potential to be utilized at various stages of the disease, no therapy has yet been demonstrated to be completely successful. AIM: This study aims to determine survival of COVID-19 patients who received antiviral and antiviral therapy combined with anti-inflammation therapy in a National Referral Hospital, Indonesia. METHODS: COVID-19 patients treated at Dr. M Djamil General Hospital in Padang, Indonesia were the subject of an analytic investigation using a retrospective cohort design. From January to June 2021, data were gathered from patient medical records. Independent sample T test and Chi-square test were used to analyze subject characteristics data. The median survival and survival rates were calculated using Kaplan–Meier survival analysis. It is also subjected to cox-regression analysis to answer the study hypothesis. RESULTS: The mean age of the subjects who received antiviral and anti-inflammatory medication was 60.95 12.11 years, while the average age of those who received antiviral therapy was 56.72 17.80 years, with the highest sex being male in both groups (59.3% and 50.6%). Antiviral and antiviral medication, as well as anti-inflammatory therapy, had no effect on the length of stay of COVID-19 patients (p >0.05). Antiviral and antiviral therapy, as well as anti-inflammatory therapy, play a role in the outcome of COVID-19 patients (p < 0.05), with patients receiving antiviral and anti-inflammatory therapy being a preventive factor in the final outcome of patients compared to patients receiving antiviral therapy HR = 0.69 (95% CI 0.48–0.99). CONCLUSION: When compared to patients who just got antiviral medication, the patients who received antiviral plus anti-inflammatory therapy had a better outcome. © 2022 Afriani Afriani, Sabrina Ermayanti, Irvan Medison, Russilawati Russilawati, Fenty Anggrainy, Yessy Susanty Sabri, Ricvan Dana Nindrea.